A team of researchers from the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft; Delft, Netherlands), the CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnology (CNR-IFL; Padova, Italy), and University Medical Center Rotterdam (Rotterdam, Netherlands) has developed a device that can add adaptive optics correction to commercial optical microscopes. Adaptive optics can greatly improve the quality of images acquired deep into biological samples, but has been extremely complex to implement.
“Improving the technology available to life scientists can further our understanding of biology, which will, in turn, lead to better drugs and therapies available to doctors,” says Paolo Pozzi from the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in Italy, who led the research.
In their journal paper that describes the work, Pozzi and the multidisciplinary research team show how it can be easily installed onto the objective lens of a commercial multiphoton microscope to improve image quality.
“This approach will allow advanced optical techniques such as multiphoton microscopy to image deeper under the surface of the brain in live organisms,” says Stefano Bonora, group leader at the CNR-IFL. “We look forward to seeing how it might also be implemented in other systems, such as light-sheet microscopes, superresolution systems, or even simple epifluorescence microscopes.”
Optical microscopy can be used to image biological samples in natural conditions, making it possible to observe various biological processes over time. However, as light travels through tissue, it gets distorted. This distortion gets worse as light travels deeper into tissue, causing images to look blurry and obscuring important details.
Adaptive optics, a technology initially developed to compensate for atmospheric turbulence when using telescopes to view celestial objects, can be used to correct the optical aberrations that occur when imaging through thick tissue. However, doing so typically requires building a custom microscope that incorporates a deformable mirror. This mirror is used to compensate for the distortions, creating an image that looks sharp and clear.
“Including a deformable mirror in an existing microscope is nearly impossible, and no commercial adaptive microscope is available on the market yet,” says Pozzi. “This means that the only option for a life scientist to use adaptive optics is to build the entire microscope from scratch, an operation which is too difficult and time-consuming for most life sciences laboratories."
To simplify this setup, the researchers created a smart lens made with glass so thin it can bend without breaking. The lens consists of a glass disk-shaped container filled with a transparent liquid. A set of 18 mechanical actuators on the glass edges can be controlled with a computer to bend the glass to a desired shape.
The lens functions like the deformable mirror used in most adaptive optics setups, but instead of reflecting light, it transmits light. As light travels through the liquid inside the lens, it gets distorted differently depending on the shape of the lens. “This is similar to the distorted images you see when looking through a bottle of water while squishing it with your hands,” says Bonora.
Using the lens for adaptive optics correction requires a complex algorithm to control the actuators. “Efficient optical correction was made possible by the DONE algorithm (database online nonlinear extremum-seeker), a very elegant solution based on machine learning-like principles, which we previously developed at TU Delft,” says Pozzi.
The researchers tested the new software, which is also made available to others via github, and adaptive lens by applying it to the objective lens of a commercial multiphoton microscope. They used the microscope to perform calcium imaging on the brains of living mice, one of the most complex life science experiments performed with microscopes.
“We surpassed our expectations by achieving very nice results within a few hours," says Pozzi. “This technology can be retrofitted on any existing microscope that has interchangeable objectives and displays images on a computer screen."
The researchers are now testing the system on other types of microscopes and samples while also exploring whether multiple adaptive lenses could be used to achieve a better correction than is possible with more complex techniques using deformable mirrors. The team has also founded a spinoff company, Dynamic Optics srl (Padova, Italy), to commercialize the multiactuator adaptive lenses.
The new lens could also be useful for applications beyond microscopy. “Our new device could also be applied in other fields such as free-space optics communications, where it could increase data connection rates and bring data connections to remote and isolated areas," says Pozzi.
Full details of the work appear in the journal Optics Letters.